Propolis : Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions
Uses
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate. The effectiveness ratings for PROPOLIS are as follows:
Possibly effective for…
Diabetes. Research shows that taking propolis may improve blood sugar control by a small amount in people with diabetes. But it doesn’t seem to affect insulin levels or improve insulin resistance.
Cold sores (herpes labialis). Most research shows that applying an ointment or cream containing 0.5% to 3% propolis five times daily helps cold sores to heal faster and reduces pain.
Swelling (inflammation) and sores inside the mouth (oral mucositis). Most research shows that rinsing the mouth with a propolis mouth rinse helps heal sores caused by cancer drugs or dentures.
Insufficient evidence to rate effectiveness for…
Prone to allergies and allergic reactions (atopic disease). Early research shows that taking propolis while nursing a newborn infant doesn’t seem to reduce the child’s risk of developing allergies at one year of age.
Burns. Early research shows that applying propolis to the skin every 3 days might help treat minor burns and prevent infections.
Canker sores. Early research shows that taking it by mouth daily for 6-13 months reduces canker sore outbreaks.
A painful disease transmitted by mosquitos (dengue fever). Research shows that taking propolis helps people with dengue fever leave the hospital faster. It is not known if propolis helps with symptoms of dengue fever.
Foot sores in people with diabetes. Early research shows that applying an ointment to sores on the feet of people with diabetes might help the sores to heal faster.
Genital herpes. Early research shows that applying a 3% ointment four times daily for 10 days might improve the healing of lesions in people with genital herpes. Some research suggests that it might heal lesions faster and more completely than the conventional treatment 5% acyclovir ointment.
A mild form of gum disease (gingivitis). Early research suggests that using it in a gel or a rinse might help prevent or reduce signs of gum disease.
A digestive tract infection that can lead to ulcers (Helicobacter pylori or H. pylori). Early research shows that taking 60 drops of a preparation containing Brazilian green propolis daily for 7 days does not reduce H. pylori infection.
Infection of the intestines by parasites. Early research suggests that taking a 30% propolis extract for 5 days can cure giardiasis in more people than the drug tinidazole.
Thrush. Early research suggests that using Brazilian green propolis extract four times daily for 7 days can prevent oral thrush in people with dentures.
A serious gum infection (periodontitis). Early research shows that deeply rinsing the gums with an extract solution decreases the bleeding of gums in people with periodontitis. Taking propolis by mouth helps to prevent loose teeth in people with this condition. But taking it by mouth doesn’t seem to help with plaque or bleeding.
Athlete’s foot (Tinea pedis). Early research shows that applying Brazilian green propolis to the skin decreases itching, peeling, and redness in students with athlete’s foot.
Upper airway infection. There is some early evidence that propolis might help prevent or reduce the duration of common colds and other upper airway infections.
Swelling (inflammation) of the vagina (vaginitis). Early research suggests that applying a 5% propolis solution vaginally for 7 days can reduce symptoms and improve the quality of life in people with vaginal swelling.
Warts. Early research shows that taking it by mouth daily for up to 3 months cures warts in some people with the plane and common warts. However, propolis does not seem to treat plantar warts.
Wound healing. Early research shows that using a propolis mouth rinse five times daily for 1 week might improve healing and reduce pain and swelling after mouth surgery. However, if people are already using a special dressing after dental surgery, using a propolis solution in the mouth does not seem to offer additional benefit.
Improving immune response.
Infections.
Infections of the kidney, bladder, or urethra (urinary tract infections or UTIs).
Inflammation.
Nose and throat cancer.
Stomach and intestinal disorders.
Tuberculosis.
Ulcers.
Other conditions.
More evidence is needed to rate propolis for these uses.
Side Effects Of Propolis
When taken by mouth: POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth appropriately. It can cause allergic reactions, especially in people who are allergic to bees or bee products. Lozenges containing propolis can cause irritation and mouth ulcers.
When applied to the skin: POSSIBLY SAFE when applied to the skin appropriately. It can cause allergic reactions, especially in people who are allergic to bees or bee products.
Warnings & Precautions
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There isn’t enough reliable information to know if propolis is safe to use when pregnant. Stay on the safe side and avoid use. POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth while breastfeeding. Doses of 300 mg daily for up to 10 months have been used safely. Stay on the safe side and avoid higher doses when breast-feeding.
Asthma: Some experts believe certain chemicals in propolis may make asthma worse. Avoid using propolis if you have asthma.
Bleeding conditions: A certain chemical in propolis might slow blood clotting. Taking it might increase the risk of bleeding in people with bleeding disorders.
Allergies: Do not use if you are allergic to bee by-products including honey, conifers, poplars, Peru balsam, and salicylates.
Surgery: A certain chemical in propolis might slow blood clotting. Taking propolis might increase the risk of bleeding during and after surgery. Stop taking it 2 weeks before surgery.
Dosage Of Propolis
The following doses have been studied in scientific research:
BY MOUTH:
For diabetes: 500 mg three times per day for 8 weeks. 900 mg of propolis daily for 12 weeks. 400 mg daily for 6 months.
For swelling (inflammation) and sores inside the mouth (oral mucositis): 80 mg of propolis (Natur Farma S.A.S.) 2-3 times daily has been used along with rinsing with bicarbonate solution.
APPLIED TO THE SKIN:
For cold sores (herpes labialis): Creams or ointments containing propolis 0.5% or 3% applied to the lips 5 times per day at the start of cold sore symptoms.
AS A RINSE:
For swelling (inflammation) and sores inside the mouth (oral mucositis): 5 mL of propolis 30% mouth rinse (Soren Tektoos) for 60 seconds, three times daily for 7 days has been used. 10 mL of a mouth wash has been used as a gargle 3 times daily in addition to chlorhexidine mouthwash and fluconazole for 14 days. Propolis 2% to 3% (extract EPP-AF) has been applied to dentures 3-4 times daily for 7-14 daily.
Other
Consult your doctor or pharmacist.
Source
All information has been provided courtesy of MedLinePlus from the National Library of Medicine and from the FDA.
Propolis Diterpenes as a Remarkable Bio-Source for Drug Discovery Development: A Review
Herein, before focusing on the properties of diterpenes isolated from propolis, a concise summary of propolis pharmacological and biological activities is presented and then, in this review, we discuss the biological and pharmacological activity of the diterpenoid propolis along with their chemical structures, sources, and their probable action mechanisms, to display the potency of such naturally-occurring organic molecules as novel resources for future drug discovery.
Diterpene, a type of terpene, is one of the outstanding chemical structures inside propolis and has shown a broad array of biological effects, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiplatelet, anticancer, and antihypertensive activities [ 22 33 ]. Diterpene forms the primary skeleton chemical structure of many biologically-important natural compounds. Likewise, regarding the drug discovery rules, by assistance of medicinal chemistry, structure activity relationships, and semi-synthesis techniques, these isolated compounds have a sufficient potential to be used in drug development [ 34 38 ].
Propolis has a strong background use in human history, and around 400 years ago it was formally accepted as a medication by pharmacopoeias [ 21 ]; however, it was not until the last century that propolis popularity soared in European societies owing to its antibacterial characteristics. In modern times, propolis has been recommended by herbal specialists to manage and overcome infections, dermatitis, and gastroduodenal ulcers. In recent decades propolis is known as a popular complementary medicine in various dosage forms, such as lozenges, creams, and mouthwashes. Moreover, it enters into the cosmetic industries as a unique natural constituent [ 10 ].
Propolis melting point is known to be around 65 °C, but in some samples it goes higher, up to 100 °C [ 15 ]. About half of the propolis is composed of resinous materials, and other main constituents are as follows: wax, essential oils, and pollen [ 16 ]. The chemical groups of compounds identified in the propolis sample include flavonoids, aliphatic acids and esters, aromatic acids and esters, chalcones, terpenes, lignans, stilbenes, prenylated stilbenes, prenylated benzophenones, benzofuran, and sugars [ 16 18 ]. In recent years, there have been several studies done on single isolated compounds from propolis [ 18 19 ]. The chemical composition of the propolis varies based on its botanical origin. Propolis collected from different botanical regions exhibits different chemical outlines. There is no information showing that bees can engage any chemical process on the collected resins [ 20 ].
Meyer has described how the bees’ leg movement is actively involved in the propolis collection procedure, along with assistance from the bees’ mouth parts, tongue, mandibles, and corbiculae. Once pollen baskets on the bee hind legs get full, bees will fly back to hive where propolis removal is carried out by mainly older bees, whose wax glands have been almost atrophied, while younger bees are busy building combs and capping cells for honey [ 11 ]. Three main theories have been discussed to highlight the factors affecting propolis collection by bees; firstly, the availability of propolis in the hive; secondly, the climate and seasonal changes; and, thirdly, some innate changes happening in the propolis foragers’ performance by late summer [ 12 ]. Some breeds of bees collect propolis more than others; for example, the grey mountain Caucasian honey bees have the highest activity in propolis collection [ 13 ], whereas some species and varieties of honey bees show very little interest in propolis and almost make no use of it, such as tropical honeybees (, and) and African 14 ].
Propolis (bee glue), the resinous material that can be seen in different colors, is mostly collected by honey bees (L., belonging to the family of Apidae, have been studied extensively for their behavior, morphology, and physiology [ 7 ]) from bark cracks and leaf buds of various types of plants. Bees carry propolis to the bee hive where they use this dark adhesive substance to seal the walls of their hive to fortify the skeletons and structures of combs, and also to mummify successful intruders’ cadavers which bees have killed inside but cannot convey out of their hive to prevent their decomposition [ 8 9 ]. Propolis enables bees to protect their colony against hive invaders by minimizing the hive entrance size. Additionally, bees can preserve their society against several diseases, such as molds and bacterial infections, through the antimicrobial and antifungal properties of propolis [ 8 ]. In linguistics the term propolis originates from the Greek pro (for “in front of”, “at the entrance to”) and polis (“city” or “community”) [ 10 ].
Honey bees have been known to humans for more than 15,000 years, and archaeological studies have revealed rock paintings describing bees and hive beekeeping, and how human beings domesticated wild bees and obtained benefits from them, using beekeeping apparatus [ 1 2 ]. There is evidence regarding the frequent usage of the term “bee king” by ancient Egyptian kings [ 3 ]. Ancient physicians and priests exploited from bees products to protect their gods and holy places, cure patients, and especially honey for themselves to remain in good health [ 4 ]; also, there are materials in holy books about the benefits and positive aspects of using honey and bees for the human body [ 5 ]. Moreover other honey bee hive products, such as propolis and royal-jelly, have been extensively used in traditional remedies all around the world since early human history [ 6 ].
The lethal dose (LD) of propolis has been reported to be around 2000 mg/kg [ 78 ]. Later, it was reported that the LDwas about 700 mg/kg for alcoholic propolis extract, while it is reported as 350 mg/kg for the ether solution of propolis by Russian researchers [ 12 ]. The carcinogenesis of propolis in rats by adding propolis at the dose of 1 mg/mL in rat’s drinking water was studied and no differences were observed in controls and treated animals [ 79 ]. Propolis dermatitis was first reported from apiarists (assumed as an occupational eczema), later as the usage of propolis developed other non-occupational incidences have also been added to the propolis usage cautions [ 80 ]. It was showed that different propolis types can produce different degrees of contact allergy. Propolis allergy has been considered to have high levels of sensitization among children [ 81 82 ]. In a comprehensive experiment on propolis, patch warnings were recommended in use of the propolis for dermatological purposes for young children [ 83 ].
Propolis can affect intrinsic immunity through activating the immune response by increasing the production of cytokines, and elevating the level of expression of Toll-like receptors in spleen cells and macrophages [ 76 ]. Some propolis constituents can stimulate chemotactic activity in neutrophil cells. These propolis substances improve neutrophil migration function, which increases the ability of intra-cellular phagocytosis of white blood cells. A partially-purified propolis extract from Argentina showed significant chemotaxis elevation effects on the human immune system [ 77 ].
There is a study about propolis constituents which suppress T-lymphocyte cells but, conversely, can make macrophage function active. The same effect has been claimed for Brazilian propolis [ 75 ].
According to Haldon et al., in 1980, fractions of propolis exhibited cytotoxic properties (at 2.6–3.3 μg/mL) on HeLa (human cervical carcinoma) and on human KB (nasopharynx carcinoma) cell lines. This result was confirmed by Ban et al., in 1983 [ 16 ]. The red propolis from Brazil has been reported by Awale et al. to possess cytotoxic activities [ 71 ]. Greek propolis showed anti-proliferative activity against human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) [ 72 ]. Brazilian propolis samples have cytotoxic activities against human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines [ 73 ], and also the in vivo assay cytotoxic effects were recorded on mouse skin tumours [ 74 ].
Chinese and Brazilian propolis samples were studied for their anti-inflammatory mechanism of action. Both samples could affect and alter lipoglycan- and endotoxin-based inflammatory cascade in rodent macrophages. The in vitro experiment results confirmed that propolis extract decreases nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) stimulation and suppresses the synthesis process of ubiquitin units. To conclude, although the alcoholic extract from China has dramatic differences compared to the Brazilian extract, both samples showed anti-inflammatory properties by blocking NF-κB function [ 67 ]. Argentinian propolis ethanolic extracts showed in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by reducing lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase activities and nitric oxide production (by decreasing inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression) [ 65 ]. Brazilian red propolis was analysed and anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities were observed through in vivo models [ 68 ]. Propolis samples collected from Chile were analysed for their phenolic profile and anti-inflammatory activity. The samples exhibited anti-inflammatory activity through inhibitory effects on nitric oxide release [ 69 ]. Nepalese propolis suppressed the interleukin-33-induced messenger RNA expression genes and established its anti-inflammatory effects in such a mechanism of action [ 70 ].
Ghanaian propolis was evaluated for antiparasitic effects onwhich causes the human sleeping sickness predominately in sub-Saharan Africa [ 59 ]. Propolis has showed complete inhibitory effects on theeggs (at 200 μg/mL) [ 60 ]. According to Higashi et al., propolis strongly inhibits proliferation ofat 15 μg/mL [ 61 ]. In 1988, propolis was promisingly proposed to manage giardiasis (causing diarrhoea) as a natural source with the benefit of showing a minimum level of side effects during treatment [ 62 ]. The alcoholic extract propolis can terminate the proliferation of protozoa, such asand. The extract at the concentration of 150 mg/mL showed lethal effects on three strains of 63 ]. Propolis showed coccidiostat activity on 16 ]. Propolis ethanolic extract could strongly inhibit the growth ofduring the in vitro assay at the concentration of 11.6 µg/mL [ 64 ]. Antifungal and anthelmintic activities have been reported from Argentinian propolis ethanolic extract samples [ 65 ]. Likewise, for the antifungal activity from diterpenoid propolis, there is a mixture which decreased the adhesion of fungi to surface and has been used as a dental medicine [ 66 ].
Propolis antifungal activity was tested onandspecies, along with propylene glycol solution, and exhibited synergistically-increased antifungal activity [ 53 ]. The same result was obtained using propolis along with other antifungal drugs on 56 ]. According to Fernandes Junior et al., propolis extract was examined on several fungi strains) and based on the results more than 95% of tested strains were sensitive to propolis ethanol extract in concentrations less than 5% [ 16 ]. Propolis is reported to inhibit the growth ofat concentrations of 5% and 10% [ 57 ]. Antifungal activity of propolis ethanolic extract and its four different fractions againstwere assessed and obtained results showed all tested samples having strong antifungal properties, especially the ethyl acetate fraction [ 58 ].
Formation of Flu viruses (A and B types) are affected by propolis [ 45 ]. Herpes virus counts were dramatically reduced by using propolis (30 μg/mL); however, less inhibition was seen against adenoviruses [ 46 ]. The observed antiviral activity for propolis originates from its complicated chemical compositions [ 47 51 ], and it was also reported that propolis can affect the cell receptors at the viral adsorption step [ 52 ].
The very first data published regarding the antibacterial activity of propolis extract dates back to 1980, showing that sensitivity ofspecies to propolis extract was reported [ 39 ]. Later, the alcoholic extract of propolis effectiveness was remarked against astrain [ 40 ] and growth inhibition activity (at 3 mg/mL) was recorded againstand, even though no activity was observed for propolis extract on 42 ]. Antibacterial synergistic effect was seen by alcoholic extract againstandwhen tested simultaneously in the medium with other antibiotics [ 43 44 ].
3. Diterpenes from the Propolis
20 skeleton, composed of four isoprene units originated from mevalonate or deoxy-xylulose phosphate (non-mevalonate) [88,89,90,91, Diterpenes belong to the class of terpenes based on having the Cskeleton, composed of four isoprene units originated from mevalonate or deoxy-xylulose phosphate (non-mevalonate) [ 84 ]. More than 3000 diterpenes have been explored from nature but only a small number of them have been recognized as clinically effective [ 85 86 ]. One of the rich resources of pharmacologically-active diterpenes in nature is propolis and these compounds sequestered from propolis might be used directly in treatment per their less toxic effects [ 87 92 ]. In this section, the propolis samples are composed of a high amount of diterpenoids ( Figure 1 ), and their chemistry, biological, and pharmacological properties are discussed.
1–5. MTT cell viability assay exhibits that EA fraction have cytotoxic activity against Jurkat T-cells, A549 lung carcinoma, HepG2 liver cancerous, and SW756 cervix carcinoma cell lines with IC 50s in the range 1.8–6.3 μg/mL. Exploiting fluorescence microscope techniques, tubulins are recognized as the target for apoptotic properties of the propolis EA fraction, with high percentage content of terpenoids [ Tri- and di-terpenoids have recently been reported as the major constituents from an analytical study done on a propolis type collected from the southern part of Saudi Arabia. The majority chemical compositions of diterpenes of the propolis ethyl acetate (EA) fraction were compounds. MTT cell viability assay exhibits that EA fraction have cytotoxic activity against Jurkat T-cells, A549 lung carcinoma, HepG2 liver cancerous, and SW756 cervix carcinoma cell lines with ICin the range 1.8–6.3 μg/mL. Exploiting fluorescence microscope techniques, tubulins are recognized as the target for apoptotic properties of the propolis EA fraction, with high percentage content of terpenoids [ 93 ].
6), the diterpenoid, in high concentrations, having an antibacterial effect against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), was evaluated [ In a study on nanoparticle drug delivery system of Moroccan propolis, which endorses isocupressic acid (), the diterpenoid, in high concentrations, having an antibacterial effect against methicillin-resistant(MRSA), was evaluated [ 94 ]. The result was consistent with the collected propolis from the northern part of Morocco (Bhalil) which followed the same proportional constituent pattern (diterpenoids have the highest share of its composition). The Bhalil sample exhibited inhibitory activities against amylase isozymes along with having substantial antioxidant activities [ 95 ].
7), accompanied by other established diterpenoids were characterized from Brazilian brown propolis, and it showed significant anticancer activities against a number of cell lines [7 was initially reported from the same team as a patent possessing promising cytotoxic effects against LNCap cells to overcome prostate cancer with an IC 50 of 6.2 μM [ A rare clerodanoid diterpene (), accompanied by other established diterpenoids were characterized from Brazilian brown propolis, and it showed significant anticancer activities against a number of cell lines [ 96 ]. Compoundwas initially reported from the same team as a patent possessing promising cytotoxic effects against LNCap cells to overcome prostate cancer with an ICof 6.2 μM [ 97 ].
8) in collected samples might be responsible for such activities [ Propolis samples from the central part of Chile were profiled and the extracts were biologically evaluated against Gram-negative strains, and antibacterial activities were observed. The existence of diphenylheptanoids and a diterpene () in collected samples might be responsible for such activities [ 98 ].
3, 6, 9, and 10) while having lower amounts of phenolic compounds [ Characterization of Mediterranean propolis samples’ constituents from four different regions (Algeria, Greece, Croatia, and Cyprus), determined that Greek propolis composition, with antibacterial and antioxidant properties, is different from other common European propolis samples and has a higher percentage of diterpenoids (, and) while having lower amounts of phenolic compounds [ 99 ].
11–13) were isolated, elucidated, and later their antiparasitic activities were evaluated to overcome African Trypanosomiasis. These diterpenoids showed almost the same activity with IC 50s of around 1.5 μg/mL against Trypanosoma brucei . Furthermore, these bioactive Libyan propolis constituents were studied for leishmaniosis, and they exhibited inhibitory activity against infection of macrophages with Leishmania donovani (IC 50s 5–22 μg/mL) [ From studies on Libyan propolis, two bioactive diterpenes () were isolated, elucidated, and later their antiparasitic activities were evaluated to overcome African Trypanosomiasis. These diterpenoids showed almost the same activity with ICof around 1.5 μg/mL against. Furthermore, these bioactive Libyan propolis constituents were studied for leishmaniosis, and they exhibited inhibitory activity against infection of macrophages with(IC5–22 μg/mL) [ 100 ].
14) and (15) were characterized and their botanical sources were identified as Psiadia arabica Jaub. et Spac and Psiadia punctulata DC., respectively. Compounds 14 and 15 were evaluated against local skin mycobacterium ( Mycobacterium marinum ) and sleeping sickness protozoan ( Trypanosoma brucei ) and both presented activities [ In a chemical profiling of Saudi Arabian propolis samples, diterpenoids () and () were characterized and their botanical sources were identified asJaub. et Spac andDC., respectively. Compoundsandwere evaluated against local skin mycobacterium () and sleeping sickness protozoan () and both presented activities [ 101 ].
Propolis samples collected from different areas of Iraq were analysed and the results revealed there exist clerodanoids, a type of terpenes structurally similar to labdane diterpenes, in their constitutions. The samples showed antioxidant properties [ 102 ].
Ferula communis L. was proposed as this type of Malta propolis botanical source. The results showed the highest portions belong to compounds 3, 6, 9–11, and 16, while compounds 17–19 were in the minority [1, 12, 13, and 20–31. Exploiting gas chromatographic mass-spectroscopy (GC-MS), propolis samples having antibacterial activities collected from Malta were analysed, and numbers of diterpenes were categorized [ 91 ], previously published in another Mediterranean propolis type from Greece [ 90 91 ].L. was proposed as this type of Malta propolis botanical source. The results showed the highest portions belong to compounds, and, while compoundswere in the minority [ 91 ]. Other diterpenoids found in this type of propolis are compounds, and
32) (IC 50 = 6.5 μg/mL) as the most active among them [ Six diterpenes were isolated from Greek propolis in 2010. They demonstrated anticancer effects and, in an investigation done on this type of propolis, the isolated diterpenes had the activities against human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) with the lowest side effects on normal cells and introducing manool () (IC= 6.5 μg/mL) as the most active among them [ 72 ].
9, 23–25, and 33–36) were reported for the first time from propolis. These compounds were tested against some Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. The results exhibited antibacterial activity. All tested compounds showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, while diterpenes (3) and (23) had the highest activity against all examined bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) range of these compounds against the tested bacteria was from 0.07 to 1.80 mg/mL. Furthermore, the synergistic effect was noted for compounds 35 and 36 ( E and Z configurations); hence, the combination of them had a profound activity against the Gram-positive bacteria [ In the comprehensive study done on the Greek propolis from Cretan the diterpenes have been isolated and elucidated. Diterpenoids (, and) were reported for the first time from propolis. These compounds were tested against some Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. The results exhibited antibacterial activity. All tested compounds showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, while diterpenes () and () had the highest activity against all examined bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) range of these compounds against the tested bacteria was from 0.07 to 1.80 mg/mL. Furthermore, the synergistic effect was noted for compoundsandandconfigurations); hence, the combination of them had a profound activity against the Gram-positive bacteria [ 103 ].
Baccharis dracunculifolia , for the first time a clerodanoid (37) was identified. Although this type of propolis showed antibacterial activity, compound 37 did not exhibit any significant antimicrobial properties [ In the study on the main botanical source of green propolis collected from Brazil,, for the first time a clerodanoid () was identified. Although this type of propolis showed antibacterial activity, compounddid not exhibit any significant antimicrobial properties [ 104 ]. The results were consistent with previous comprehensive liquid chromatography mass-spectroscopy (LC-MS) study on this type of propolis sample, plus the stated botanical source, shedding light on their chemical constituents profile, including the existence of diterpenoids (especially labdanoids) [ 105 ]. Extraction on Brazilian propolis samples showed diterpenoids were mostly found in methanolic extract, and only negligible amount of diterpenoids were traced in water extract; this is quite expected due to their non-polar characteristics [ 106 ].
3, 6, 11, 12, and 19–22. The isolated compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. They showed activity against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria; however, compound 3 manifested strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, especially Staphylococcus spp, in comparison with references, which confirmed totarol’s (3) reputation as an antibacterial agent. Weak effects were reported from antifungal activity testings [6, 10, and 21 from an Italian propolis type with antimicrobial properties [ Study on the European propolis extraction from Greece resulted in identification of diterpenoids, and. The isolated compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. They showed activity against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria; however, compoundmanifested strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, especiallyspp, in comparison with references, which confirmed totarol’s () reputation as an antibacterial agent. Weak effects were reported from antifungal activity testings [ 107 ]. It is worth mentioning that a study of European propolis was directed to the isolation of diterpenes, andfrom an Italian propolis type with antimicrobial properties [ 108 ]. The same presence of diterpenoids in Italian propolis samples was also stated in a 2002 GC-MS analytical study on a Sicilian type [ 109 ].
38 and 39) sourcing from El Salvador propolis samples presenting the noteworthy antibacterial effects on Staphylococcus aureus with the minimum inhibitory dose almost three-times less than the obtained lethal dose from a toxicity bioassay [ The study on a Central America propolis type reported two glycoside diterpenes (and) sourcing from El Salvador propolis samples presenting the noteworthy antibacterial effects onwith the minimum inhibitory dose almost three-times less than the obtained lethal dose from a toxicity bioassay [ 92 ].
12, 13, 40, and 41). In more details, compounds 12 and 40 showed the highest antihepatotoxic activities (IC 50s 80 and 45 µM, respectively), and this activity might be linked to diterpenoids’ healing effects observed on d -galactosamine/TNF-α-induced hepatic damage models [111,41 was active against all tested strains, while compound 13 limited its activity to only one strain [ Staphylococcus aureus . Moreover, the samples from this type of propolis, which contained high concentrations of diterpenes, showed cytotoxic activities [ Brazilian propolis anti-hepatotoxic methanolic extract resulted in the isolation of labdanoids (, and). In more details, compoundsandshowed the highest antihepatotoxic activities (IC80 and 45 µM, respectively), and this activity might be linked to diterpenoids’ healing effects observed on-galactosamine/TNF-α-induced hepatic damage models [ 110 112 ]. The isolated compounds were also evaluated for the anti-helicobacter pylori activity, and compoundwas active against all tested strains, while compoundlimited its activity to only one strain [ 110 ]. There is a study which showed the isolated diterpenoid from Brazilian Meliponinae with antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, particularly against. Moreover, the samples from this type of propolis, which contained high concentrations of diterpenes, showed cytotoxic activities [ 113 ].
Apis mellifera species play the key role in the sample collection procedure, a study reported tetra-cyclic diterpenoids (42–44) from propolis samples supplied by Brazilian native stingless bees ( Meliponini ). Compound 42 only showed antimicrobial property [45 in E configuration and 46 in Z configuration) from Brazilian propolis had been isolated, elucidated, and assessed for their human hepatocellular carcinoma cell cytotoxicity [ Interestingly, although most of reports about propolis samples’ bioactive constituents showspecies play the key role in the sample collection procedure, a study reported tetra-cyclic diterpenoids () from propolis samples supplied by Brazilian native stingless bees (). Compoundonly showed antimicrobial property [ 114 ]. Two active clerodane diterpenes (inconfiguration andinconfiguration) from Brazilian propolis had been isolated, elucidated, and assessed for their human hepatocellular carcinoma cell cytotoxicity [ 115 ].
47) isolated and elucidated from Brazilian propolis showed significant effects, such as in vivo antitumor activity on mice skin [ 50 87 μg/mL) [ Additionally, a promising antitumor diterpene () isolated and elucidated from Brazilian propolis showed significant effects, such as in vivo antitumor activity on mice skin [ 74 ], in vitro cytotoxic activities against hepatocellular, renal cell carcinoma, lung cancerous cells [ 116 ], and tumoricidal activity against HeLa 53 Cells (IC87 μg/mL) [ 117 ].
Propolis benefits
Propolis benefits
How much propolis should I take? If you are only using propolis for general health purposes, they recommend 23 1000mg capsules per day. Capsules are the best choice for convenience and travel due to their small size.
What you should know before using propolis?
What trauma research says. Propolis contains a special compound called pinocembrine, which is a flavonoid that acts as an antifungal agent. ■■■■■■ and ■■■■■■■ ■■■■■■. Ointments containing 3% propolis, such as Herstat or ColdsoreFX, can help speed healing time and reduce symptoms of cold sores and canker sores. River crab.
What propolis side effects you should understand?
Side effects of taking propolis safely. Propolis usually does not cause any side effects and you can use products containing propolis without any side effects. local irritation. When you use propolis to treat conditions such as a cold sore outbreak and sore mouth, you may experience irritation. Allergic reaction. Warnings and Precautions.
What is the difference between royal jelly and propolis?
Another difference between pollen, propolis and royal jelly is that propolis is a food that is less popular than honey, but is a slightly sweet snack or ingredient. Historically, the jelly has not been used as human food. Normally only a small amount of royal jelly is left in the hive as food for potential beds. It's not even food for ordinary bees.
How to take raw propolis chunks?
You can chew bits of propolis, but some people find that raw, dark-colored propolis can stain teeth over time. That's why I recommend swallowing the pieces whole, as tablets, or blending them into a shake or smoothie. I do this almost every day with my morning protein shake.
What is bee propolis benefits?
Treats acne: Propolis has the ability to improve skin tone and minimize skin damage.
Increased energy: By taking propolis daily, you will feel a performance improvement.
Eliminates Parasites: Parasites are difficult to diagnose.
How to use propolis ointment?
For sore throat, use propolis tincture directly on the back of the tongue. Or look for an herbal throat spray that combines propolis, echinacea and goldenseal for an even broader antibacterial and antiviral effect. Take propolis with you on a trip and start taking a few drops a day before boarding the plane.
What is propolis used for?
Propolis is also used as a supplement for various animals to boost their immune function and promote growth. 1 Keep reading this article to learn more about what propolis is, its benefits and how to use it. What is propolis? Bees use propolis to seal the holes in their hives, which is why it is also known as bee glue.
How much propolis should i take daily
There is currently no medically recommended dose as more research is needed. One study recommends a daily concentration of about 70 milligrams per day, but this is not an FDA recommendation. Manufacturers may list the dosage on the product label. Ask your doctor if propolis is safe for you before taking any supplements.
What are the benefits of bee propolis?
Bacterial, viral and fungal infections. Bees protect the hive from bacteria by covering the waste with propolis to prevent the spread of harmful parasites.
■■■■ hygiene. In 2 clinical studies involving 6 adult volunteers and 70 healthy children, propolis mouthwash reduced plaque and bacteria formation .
Type 2 diabetes.
Antioxidant.
How much propolis should i take morning
When using propolis for a sore throat, drip the extract directly on the sore spot. If you are only using propolis for general health purposes, they recommend 23 1000mg capsules per day. Capsules are the best choice for convenience and travel due to their small size. Its antibacterial properties can help prevent colds.
What is the best way to take bee propolis?
The first thing to know is that there are different types of bee propolis. The most popular types are propolis liquid extract, propolis capsules, propolis lozenges and throat spray. If you're only using propolis for general health purposes, they recommend one-third to one-half dropper of propolis extract per day.
How do you use propolis ointment?
When using topical propolis products, always follow label directions. Colds and sore throats: 500 mg once or twice a day. ■■■■■■: Apply propolis ointment to ■■■■■■ four times a day. ■■■■■■■ ■■■■■■: Apply 3% propolis ointment to the lesions four times a day.
How often can you use propolis ointment on a cold sore?
Colds and sore throats: 500 mg once or twice a day. ■■■■■■: Apply propolis ointment to ■■■■■■ four times a day. ■■■■■■■ ■■■■■■: Apply 3% propolis ointment to the lesions four times a day. Female infertility and endometriosis: 500 mg twice daily.
How much propolis should i take a day
Propolis can also be taken ■■■■■■ and is available as tablets, liquid extract, and capsules. There is currently no medically recommended dose as more research is needed. One study recommends a daily concentration of about 70 milligrams per day, but this is not an FDA recommendation. Manufacturers may list the dosage on the product label.
What is propolis and how is it used?
Propolis is a natural resin that bees extract from the buds of conifers and other trees. Bees use it to thicken the walls and strengthen the combs of hives, and to embalm ■■■■ invaders. It is a green-brown sticky mass with a slight aromatic odor.
What does propolis do for your skin?
remove warts. Propolis has antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce and remove warts.
treat burns. Bee propolis has anti-inflammatory and regenerating properties that help treat sunburns and second-degree burns.
treat parasites. When taken ■■■■■■, bee propolis can help rid your body of intestinal parasites.
What you should know before using propolis for weight loss
Propolis: Propolis extract helps in the treatment of many diseases due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-ulcer and anti-fungal properties. In addition, propolis promotes weight loss by increasing adipose tissue. Quercetin: This is a natural chemical found in many fruits, vegetables and grains.
What are the side effects of propolis?
Propolis can slow blood clotting and increase the risk of bleeding in people with a bleeding disorder or during surgery. Propolis is available in many forms, including tablets, capsules, powder, extracts and pills. When applied topically, it is found in ointments, creams, lotions and other personal care products.
Should you add more propolis to your diet?
By adding more honey to your daily diet, you are almost certainly consuming propolis in small amounts. Raw honey and comb contain more propolis than filtered honey because propolis protects the comb from attack.
What is propolis made of?
Propolis is the third most important component of bee products. It consists mainly of resin (50%), wax (30%), essential oils (10%), pollen (5%) and other organic compounds (5%). Phenols, esters, flavonoids, terpenes, beta steroids, aromatic aldehydes and alcohols are important organic compounds present in propolis.
What you should know before using propolis for acne
Before using propolis for acne, consumers should be aware that this substance can cause certain side effects. People who are allergic to bee products such as honey or royal jelly should not use propolis, as this substance can cause an allergic reaction. Reactions have also been reported in people allergic to poplar and softwoods.
What is the best treatment for acne?
Isotretinoin, often known by its original brand name Accutane, is an ■■■■ medication that has been shown to be the most effective treatment for nodular cystic acne. However, its effectiveness has a downside and causes serious side effects, some of which can last a lifetime.
How to get rid of pimple scars naturally?
Fenugreek Extract Fenugreek seeds can help fade scars. It is quite easy to extract the oil from fenugreek seeds.
Lemon juice Lemon juice is known as a natural skin lightener. It brightens the skin tone and can also relieve acne.
Aloe Vera AllRemedies Partner Solutions Keep asking questions until you get the answer you need!
How do acne treatments work?
Acne medicines reduce sebum production, speed up skin cell turnover, fight bacterial infections or reduce inflammation, which helps prevent scarring. With most prescription acne medications, you may not see results for four to eight weeks, and your skin may get worse before it gets better.
Is it safe to use propolis?
When applied to the skin: Propolis can be harmless when used correctly. May cause allergic reactions, especially in people who are allergic to other bee products. Pregnancy: There is not enough reliable information to know if it is safe to use propolis during pregnancy. Be careful and avoid use.
What is propolis and how does it work?
Propolis is a resinous substance that bees collect from tree buds. Rich in flavonoids (a class of antioxidants), propolis has long been used as a natural remedy for a variety of ailments. Propolis is found in small amounts in honey and is commonly available as a dietary supplement.
How much bee propolis should you take?
If you have a health problem in your mouth, such as B. Sore throat, a propolis spray can help. If you want to use propolis topically or topically, you can buy propolis ointment or cream. The recommended internal dose of bee propolis is usually 500 mg once or twice a day.
What you should know before using propolis for cancer
The biological effects have been confirmed, ranging from antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, skin protective, antiallergic, laxative and immunomodulatory to anticancer. Propolis has been shown to be effective against brain, head and neck, skin, ■■■■■■, liver, pancreas, kidney, bladder, prostate, colon and blood cancers.
Can propolis cause lung cancer?
Tumor simulates lung cancer: in a 36-year-old woman, caused by prolonged local inhalation of propolis into the nasal passages for the treatment of asthma. Interestingly, in this patient the pollen allergy was negative both before and after this side effect, although this effect was confirmed to be related to the product.
What is propolis used to treat?
Propolis has been shown to be effective against brain, head and neck, skin, ■■■■■■, liver, pancreas, kidney, bladder, prostate, colon and blood cancers.
Does propolis kill Helicobacter pylori?
Components of propolis, including caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), artepilin C, kaempferol, and galangine, have been shown to be effective in killing pathogens, including H. pylori. However, the research is limited to animal and cell culture experiments.
What you should know before using propolis powder
Propolis can slow blood clotting and increase the risk of bleeding in people with a bleeding disorder or during surgery. Propolis is available in many forms, including tablets, capsules, powder, extracts and pills.
Who should not use propolis?
Do not use propolis if you have asthma or are allergic to bee products (including honey), conifers, poplars, balsam from Peru, and salicylates. Propolis can slow blood clotting and increase the risk of bleeding in people with a bleeding disorder or during surgery.
Is propolis available in pure form?
Propolis is rarely available in its pure form. It is usually obtained from hives. People often use propolis to treat diabetes, ■■■■■■, bloating, and mouth ulcers. It is also used for burns, thrush, ■■■■■■■ ■■■■■■, and many other conditions, but there is no strong scientific evidence to support its use.
What is bee propolis and how is it used?
While most people know what honey is, many people don't know exactly what bee propolis is. Simply put, it is a resin that bees collect from various botanical sources. The bees use the resin to fill in small, unnecessary holes in the hive.
What are the side effects of bee propolis?
May cause allergic reactions, especially in people who are allergic to other bee products. Lozenges containing propolis can cause irritation and ulcers. When applied to the skin: Propolis can be harmless when used correctly. May cause allergic reactions, especially in people who are allergic to other bee products.
What you should know before using propolis for hair
Propolis is made up of amino acids and vitamins that help strengthen the hair structure and prevent hair loss. In addition, propolis nourishes and protects the scalp, promotes hair growth and prevents hair loss. Also read: Diet and health tips from Chris Bell .
What is propolis and how does it help hair loss?
Propolis is a resinous substance that bees use to seal small spaces in their hives, but that's not its only use. Researchers now believe that propolis can be a miracle cure for hair loss.
Where can I buy propolis?
Propolis extract, propolis tincture, propolis capsules, propolis tablets, propolis powder, propolis spray, propolis ointment, and propolis cream are also widely available at any health food store, such as online.
What you should know before using propolis for inflammation
Propolis helps fight bacteria, viruses and fungi. It may also have an anti-inflammatory effect and promote skin healing. Propolis is rarely available in its pure form. It is usually obtained from hives. People often use propolis to treat diabetes, ■■■■■■, bloating, and mouth ulcers.
What is propolis good for skin?
Benefits of Propolis for Skin According to a comprehensive review, propolis and its extracts have multiple uses in the treatment of various problems due to its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal properties. Here are some ways it is believed to benefit the skin.
How do I use propolis?
People can use propolis in many ways, including: 1 as an ■■■■ supplement 2 diluted with water as a mouthwash 3 applied topically to the skin.
Is it safe to use propolis every day?
Dingra says that if one is not allergic to propolis, it is safe to use it daily. But if any kind of reaction develops, propolis should be used as a trigger and avoided in the future, he adds. Works well with: Dhingra says that products combined with propolis depend on the intended purpose.
What you should know before using propolis oil
Almost all existing vegetable oils and animal fats can be used as a basis for a preparation based on propolis, there are many possibilities. Before preparing such an oil, it is important to thoroughly clean the bee glue for further processing: refrigerate the propolis for about 9-10 hours before processing.
How do you take bee propolis?
When it comes to taking bee propolis ■■■■■■, you have many options, including liquid extract, capsules, tablets, or powder. If you have a health problem in your mouth, such as B. Sore throat, then a propolis spray can be used. If you want to use propolis topically or topically, you can buy propolis ointment or propolis cream.
Is propolis safe?
Propolis is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth or applied to the skin. May cause allergic reactions, especially in people who are allergic to bees or bee products. Lozenges containing propolis can cause irritation and ulcers.
Bee propolis side effects
May cause allergic reactions, especially in people who are allergic to bees or bee products. Lozenges containing propolis can cause irritation and ulcers. When applied to the skin: Propolis is POSSIBLY SAFE when applied to the skin correctly.
Does bee propolis help receding gums?
Another effective remedy for receding gums is bee propolis, a sticky resin that bees use to bind their hives together. It is rich in antibiotic and antifungal properties that help eliminate bacteria that cause a number of dental problems.
What is propolis exactly?
Propolis is a sticky brown, green or red substance collected by bees. It is a mixture of resins extracted from the buds, bark and stems of various trees and plants and then mixed with the bee's own saliva. This creates an enzymatic reaction that converts the substance into propolis, which Aristotle mentioned.
What propolis side effects you should understand in the world
Side effects of propolis include: Allergic reactions (skin or breathing problems), especially in people who are allergic to bees or bee products Irritation and sores in the mouth (lozenges).
What is the difference between royal jelly and bee pollen?
Bee pollen differs from royal jelly in many ways. The main difference between bee pollen and royal jelly in a honey bee hive is that it is only given to worker bees and drone larvae older than 3 days. So in a sense this is the food of the "common people".
Can you eat royal jelly?
Although it is found in various cosmetics and even in some dietary supplements, the European Food Safety Authority and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have unsurprisingly concluded that there is no evidence that royal jelly is harmful to health. for the people.
What is the difference between royal jelly and propolis benefits
Royal jelly and propolis have undeniable benefits for sore throats and coughs. The first has a more balsamic property and the second has a more antibacterial property, which guarantees it won't go too far.
What is the difference between royal jelly and propolis cream
Royal jelly soap contains manuka honey and is used to cleanse the entire body. Propolis soap contains manuka honey and manuka oil and is used to cleanse the skin before applying manuka oil for skin conditions such as acne, blackheads, pimples, psoriasis, ■■■■■■, eczema, dermatitis, rashes, itchy insects and bites.
What is the difference between royal jelly and propolis extract
Propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees from various plants. Royal jelly is a thick milky substance secreted by worker bees to feed the queen and her larvae. Both propolis and royal jelly have a long history of medicinal use and can be eaten fresh or taken as a supplement.
What is propolis and royal jelly?
Propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees from various plants. Royal jelly is a thick milky substance secreted by worker bees to feed the queen and her larvae.
What is royal jelly and how is it made?
Royal jelly, a white, slimy, gelatinous substance, is a form of secretion from the hypopharyngeal and submandibular glands of worker bees. It is also known as a "superfood" consumed only by the queen bee. Royal jelly is also administered to bee larvae when they hatch and helps to nourish the young .
What is royal jelly and how does it benefit bees?
Royalactin is the main compound of royal jelly, which ensures the morphological transformation of the larva into the queen bee . This superfood is the main reason for the queen bee's longevity compared to other bees. Royal jelly is widely used as a nutrient complex to help with various chronic diseases.
What is the difference between royal jelly and propolis good
Royal jelly is designed to nourish young queens. Purpose, production level and ingredients are some of the differences between royal jelly and propolis. While bees use royal jelly as a food source, propolis serves as a building material.
What is the difference between royal jelly and propolis powder
Purpose, production level and ingredients are some of the differences between royal jelly and propolis. While bees use royal jelly as a food source, propolis serves as a building material. Bees only produce significant amounts of royal jelly when the hive needs a new queen. On the other hand, all hives usually contain propolis resin.
What is the difference between royal jelly and propolis water
Purpose, production level and ingredients are some of the differences between royal jelly and propolis. While bees use royal jelly as a food source, propolis serves as a building material. Bees only produce significant amounts of royal jelly when the hive needs a new queen.
Propolis benefits and side effects
Side effects of propolis. Cases of irritation in and around the mouth have been reported following ■■■■ administration of propolis tablets or extracts. In some people, the use of propolis can also cause side effects such as swelling, fluid retention, redness, burning and fever.
What are the side effects of royal jelly?
estrogenic effects. According to a study published in December 2010 in PLoS One, royal jelly has an estrogen-like effect.
protection against cancer.
kidney protection.
blood sugar and blood pressure.
Warning.
What is best way to take royal jelly?
How do I take fresh royal jelly? If you choose to eat fresh raw royal jelly, you can either spoon it, preferably on an empty stomach after waking up, or let it melt under your tongue. The right amount would be half a teaspoon per day.
Bee propolis benefits
Elimination of inflammation - bee propolis - an effective remedy for inflammation and infections of the ■■■■ cavity. Its anti-inflammatory properties are also beneficial in treating arthritis, heart disease and Alzheimer's disease. Regulation of blood pressure. Bee propolis can be used to reduce the activity of the enzyme TG (tyrosine hydroxylase).
Does propolis help with acne?
Your dermatologist can prescribe topical retinoids and antibiotics to treat acne. Natural healers sometimes recommend propolis, a bee product, to treat acne. Although there are no clinical studies, scientific studies confirm the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of propolis.
How effective is propolis for acne?
Propolis is effective in fighting acne in people with sensitive and acne-prone skin. Propolis is an effective acne treatment not only because of its antibacterial nature, but also because of its anti-inflammatory properties. Reduces redness of the skin and soothes it by lowering the temperature.
Propolis tincture
Propolis tincture can be used to treat fungal diseases of the skin, abscesses, long-term non-healing wounds, as well as trophic ulcers of the leg. While propolis cream can cure eczema, dermatitis, psoriasis, burns and frostbite. However, to make a cream, you must first prepare a strong alcoholic extract.
Is propolis tincture the answer to hay fever?
Propolis is rich in vitamins, especially vitamins B, E and C. Other potential benefits include acne, asthma, bleeding gums, colds, rashes, diarrhea, eczema, hay fever, hair loss, any inflammation, sore throat, toothache, ulcers and warts. The amazing thing about propolis is that it has many healing properties.
Red propolis benefits
Propolis contains a special compound called pinocembrine, which is a flavonoid that acts as an antifungal agent. These anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties make propolis useful in wound healing. One study found that propolis can help people with traumatic burns heal faster by stimulating the growth of healthy new cells.
Is propolis good for You?
To date, propolis has been extensively researched in thousands of scientific papers for its biological activity and health benefits . The protective immune defense and antioxidant properties of propolis are due to bioactive phytochemicals.
What is the ORAC of Brazilian red bee propolis?
Excellent overall ORAC of 3540 µmol TU/g (the highest ORAC of any food in the USDA database). Now you can get the first Brazilian Red Bee Propolis product only in the US.
Can propolis protect athletes from overheating?
One of the reasons the health benefits of propolis are so great is because it contains so many antioxidants. And now research has shown how beneficial these special antioxidants can be for athletes by protecting them from overheating, according to an article in the Journal of Food Science.
What is bee propolis and why is it important?
An amazing substance that bees strategically place in front of their hives to act as hive protectors. As a result, the beehive is one of the most sterile environments known to man, even at high temperature and humidity. For this reason, ancient civilizations rely on bee propolis to maintain their health.* .
Propolis benefits mayo clinic
In addition, propolis may have other health benefits: Reducing the risk of cancer One of the main effects of antioxidants is how they reduce the risk of cancer. They help minimize the amount of free radicals that can damage your cells and make them dangerous.
